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Paratransit

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Paratransit (also community transport in the United Kingdom, or intermediate public transport) is a type of <a href="Public_transport" title="Public transport">public transport</a> service that supplements fixed-route mass transit by providing individualized rides without fixed routes or timetables.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Paratransit services may vary considerably on the degree of flexibility they provide their customers. At their simplest they may consist of a taxi or small bus that will run along a more or less defined route and then stop to pick up or discharge passengers on request. At the other end of the spectrum—fully <a href="Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">demand-responsive transport</a>—the most flexible paratransit systems offer on-demand call-up door-to-door service from any origin to any destination in a service area. In addition to public transit agencies, paratransit services may be operated by community groups or not-for-profit organizations, and for-profit private companies or operators.

The concept of intermediate public transport (IPT) or paratransit, exhibits considerable variation between developed and developing nations. In developed countries, it is typically a flexible, demand-responsive form of public transportation designed to provide point-to-point service. These systems are generally well-structured and organized. On the other hand, in developing countries, IPT often operates as an informal, cost-effective alternative to formal transportation modes. It tends to be unorganized and subject to minimal government regulation, serving as a prevalent form of spontaneous public transport that facilitates quick and convenient travel.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a>

The importance of IPT may extends beyond mobility, as it can also contribute to the economic well-being of those who operate these services. In some cases, drivers of vehicles such as tempos and autorickshaws can earn a substantial daily income, which supports their livelihoods.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>

Typically, <a href="Minibus" title="Minibus">minibuses</a> are used to provide paratransit service in USA. Most paratransit vehicles are equipped with <a href="Wheelchair_lift" title="Wheelchair lift">wheelchair lifts</a> or ramps to facilitate access.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

In the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, private transportation companies often provide paratransit service in cities and metropolitan areas under contract to local public transportation agencies.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2></div>

The use of "paratransit" ("para transit", "para-transit") has evolved and taken on two somewhat separate broad sets of meaning and application in North America; the term is rarely used in the rest of the world.

The more general meaning includes any transit service operating alongside conventional fixed-route services, including airport <a href="Limousine" title="Limousine">limousines</a> and <a href="Carpool" title="Carpool">carpools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Since the early 1980s, particularly in North America, the term began to be used increasingly to describe the second meaning: special transport services for people with disabilities. In this respect, paratransit has become a subsector and business in its own right. The term paratransit is rarely used outside of North America.

Projects in the broader sense were documented by the <a href="Urban_Institute" title="Urban Institute">Urban Institute</a> in the 1974 book Para-transit: Neglected options for urban mobility,<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> followed a year later by the first international overview, Paratransit: Survey of International Experience and Prospects.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="Robert_Cervero" title="Robert Cervero">Robert Cervero</a>'s 1997 book, Paratransit in America: Redefining Mass Transportation, embraced this wider definition of paratransit, arguing that America's mass transit sector should enlarge to include micro-vehicles, minibuses, and shared-taxi services found in many developing cities.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Paratransit, as an alternative mode of flexible passenger transportation that does not follow fixed routes or schedules, are common and often offer the only mechanized mobility options for the poor in many parts of the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversion_to_taxis_and_ride-hailing_services">Diversion to taxis and ride-hailing services</h2></div>

Some paratransit systems have begun subsidizing private <a href="Taxi" title="Taxi">taxi</a> or <a href="Ride-hailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ride-hailing">ride-hailing</a> trips as an alternative to the government-run or government-contracted system. For example, in 2010, <a href="Solano_County%2C_California" title="Solano County, California">Solano County, California</a> dissolved Solano Paratransit and allowed paratransit-eligible passengers to buy $100 worth of taxi <a href="Scrip" title="Scrip">scrip</a> for $15. This eliminated the need for passengers to book a week in advance, and reduced the cost to the county from $81 to about $30.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>

In 2016,<a href="#cite_note-philly_to_boston-11">[11]</a> the <a href="Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority</a> began a pilot program which has subsidized paratransit passengers on <a href="Uber" title="Uber">Uber</a>, <a href="Lyft" title="Lyft">Lyft</a>, and Curb, up to a cap of $42 per ride. This retained the ability to book by phone, lowered the fare for riders, eliminated the need to book the trip a day in advance, eliminated shared trips, reduced in-transit time, and reduced the pickup wait time from 30 minutes to as low as 5 minutes in the urban core.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> With the subsidy cap initially set at $13, the MBTA reduced the average cost of a paratransit trip from $35 to $9.<a href="#cite_note-philly_to_boston-11">[11]</a> Pilot participants on average substantially increased the number of trips they took, but still at a lower overall cost to the agency.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Availability of wheelchair-accessible vehicles remained an occasional problem, but these were only needed by about 20% of paratransit riders.<a href="#cite_note-philly_to_boston-11">[11]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_United_States">In the United States</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973">Rehabilitation Act of 1973</h3></div>

Before passage of the <a href="Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</a> (ADA), paratransit was provided by not-for-profit human service agencies and public transit agencies in response to the requirements in <a href="Section_504_of_the_Rehabilitation_Act" title="Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act">Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act</a> of 1973. Section 504 prohibited the exclusion of disabled people from "any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance". In Title 49 Part 37 (49 CFR 37) of the <a href="Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Code of Federal Regulations">Code of Federal Regulations</a>, the <a href="Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a> defined requirements for making buses accessible or providing complementary paratransit services within public transit service areas.

Most transit agencies did not see fixed route accessibility as desirable and opted for a flexible system of small paratransit vehicles operating parallel to a system of larger, fixed-route buses. The expectation was that the paratransit services would not be heavily used, making a flexible system of small vehicles a less expensive alternative for accessibility than options with larger, fixed-route vehicles. This however ended up not being the case. Often paratransit services were being filled up to their capacity. In some cases, leaving individuals who were in need of the door to door service provided by paratransit unable to utilize it due to the fact that disabled people who could use fixed-route vehicles also found themselves using these paratransit services.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990">Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990</h3></div>

With the passage of the ADA, Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act was extended to include all activities of state and local government. Its provisions were not limited to programs receiving federal funds and applied to all public transit services, regardless of how the services were funded or managed. Title II of the ADA also more clearly defined a disabled person's right to equal participation in transit programs, and the provider's responsibility to make that participation possible.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>

In revisions to Title 49 Part 37, the Federal Transit Administration defined the combined requirements of the ADA and the Rehabilitation Act for transit providers. These requirements included "complementary" paratransit to destinations within 3/4 mile of all fixed routes (49 CFR 37.131) and submission of a plan for complying with complementary paratransit service regulations (49 CFR 37.135). Paratransit service is an <a href="Unfunded_mandate" title="Unfunded mandate">unfunded mandate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>

Under the ADA, complementary paratransit service is required for passengers who are 1) Unable to navigate the public bus system, 2) unable to get to a point from which they could access the public bus system, or 3) have a temporary need for these services because of injury or some type of limited duration cause of disability (49 CFR 37.123). Title 49 Part 37 details the eligibility rules along with requirements governing how the service must be provided and managed. In the United States, paratransit service is now highly regulated and closely monitored for compliance with standards set by the Federal Transit Administration (FTA).

As the ADA came into effect in 1992 (49 CFR 37.135), the FTA required transit systems in the United States to plan and begin implementing ADA compliant services, with full implementation by 1997 (49 CFR 37.139). During this period, paratransit demand and services rapidly expanded. This growth led to many new approaches to manage and provide these services. Computerized reservation, scheduling and dispatching for paratransit have also evolved substantially and are now arguably among the most sophisticated management systems available in the world of rubber tire transit (land-based non-rail public transit).

Since the passage of the ADA, paratransit service has grown rapidly as a mode of public transit in the United States. Continued growth can be expected due to the aging of <a href="Baby_boomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby boomer">baby boomers</a> and disabled Iraq War veterans.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The growth of the number of people requiring paratransit has resulted in an increase in cost for the paratransit industry to maintain these services. The results of this rising cost are the paratransit industry trying to get individuals to move from a reliance on paratransit vehicles to fixed-route vehicles. Due to the push to have paratransit vehicles being the main method of transportation for disabled individuals prior to the passing of the ADA, the paratransit industry is finding it hard to get individuals to switch over to fixed route transportation.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Statistics">Statistics</h3></div>

Beginning in 2004, the bus, rail and motor coach trade magazine <a href="Metro_Magazine" title="Metro Magazine">Metro Magazine</a> began conducting annual surveys of public and private paratransit providers:

<th>Highlighted topic(s)

</th></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Budget and cost-related items

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Meeting service demands with limited resources

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Recruitment and retention of drivers

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Technology

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Technology

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Technology and new types of vehicles

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Customer service

</td></tr>

<tr>

</td>

<td>Funding, demand, retention

</td></tr></tbody></table>

The US Government Accountability Office <a href="GAO" class="mw-redirect" title="GAO">GAO</a> released a report in November 2012 for the <a href="Federal_Transit_Administration" title="Federal Transit Administration">Federal Transit Administration</a> which "examined: (1) the extent of compliance with ADA paratransit requirements, (2) changes in ADA paratransit demand and costs since 2007, and (3) actions transit agencies are taking to help address changes in the demand for and costs of ADA paratransit service." The report found that "average number of annual ADA paratransit trips provided by a transit agency increased 7 percent from 2007 to 2010" and that the average cost of providing a paratransit trip is "an estimated three and a half times more expensive than the average cost of $8.15 to provide a fixed-route trip."

.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

The <a href="Maryland_Transit_Administration" title="Maryland Transit Administration">Maryland Transit Administration</a> reported paratransit ridership increases of 15% in fiscal 2012, with double-digit increases expected in fiscal 2013 and 2014.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The cost of providing paratransit service is considerably higher than traditional fixed-route bus service, with Maryland's Mobility service reporting per-passenger costs of over $40 per trip in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a>

Paratransit ridership growth of more than 10% per year was reported in the District of Columbia metropolitan area for 2006 through 2009.

<a href="Washington_Metropolitan_Area_Transit_Authority" title="Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority">Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority</a>'s <a href="MetroAccess" title="MetroAccess">MetroAccess</a> service in <a href="Washington%2C_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> conducted a peer review of large urban paratransit systems in the US in 2009:<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>

<th>2008 ridership</th>

<th>2008 budget</th>

<th>2008 cost/passenger

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="New_York_City_Transit_Authority" title="New York City Transit Authority">NYCTA</a></td>

<td>$64

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Los_Angeles_County_Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority">LACMTA</a></td>

<td>$44

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Washington_Metropolitan_Area_Transit_Authority" title="Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority">WMATA</a></td>

<td>$38

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>$33

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="King_County_Metro" title="King County Metro">King County Metro</a></td>

<td>$38

</td></tr>

</tbody></table>

In response to increasing ridership and costs of providing paratransit service, <a href="WMATA" class="mw-redirect" title="WMATA">WMATA</a> made two significant changes beginning in 2010: the paratransit service area was reduced from jurisdictional boundaries to the ADA requirement of within a 3/4 mile corridor of fixed-route services;<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> and, fares were linked to <a href="WMATA" class="mw-redirect" title="WMATA">WMATA</a>'s fixed route services and charged to the ADA allowable maximum of two times the fastest equivalent bus or rail fare.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a>

These changes helped result in the first-ever reduction in the number of year-over-year trips between 2011 and 2012.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a>

Annually, the Canadian Urban Transit Association publishes a fact book providing statistics for all of the Ontario specialized public transit services; as of 2015 there were 79 in operation.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technology">Technology</h3></div>

The complicated nature of providing paratransit service in accordance with ADA guidelines led to the development of sophisticated software for the industry.

<a href="Intelligent_transportation_system" title="Intelligent transportation system">Intelligent transportation systems</a> technologies, primarily <a href="Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a>, <a href="Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">mobile data terminals</a>, <a href="Digital_Mobile_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Mobile Radio">digital mobile radios</a>, and cell phones, and scheduling, dispatching, and call reservation software are now in use increasingly in North America and Europe. <a href="Interactive_voice_response" title="Interactive voice response">Interactive voice response</a> systems and web-based initiatives are the next technology innovation anticipated for paratransit services.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

Advanced analytics is another field being applied to paratransit operations. Some companies are beginning to integrate <a href="Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> models to find operational efficiencies and cost savings for smaller paratransit service providers.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2></div>

There is no legislation providing details on paratransit standards, but the <a href="Canadian_Urban_Transit_Association" title="Canadian Urban Transit Association">Canadian Urban Transit Association</a> has provided voluntary guidelines for member transit agencies to use to determine paratransit needs and standards. Various operators including the <a href="Toronto_Transit_Commission" title="Toronto Transit Commission">TTC</a>, <a href="BC_Transit" title="BC Transit">BC Transit</a>, <a href="OC_Transpo" title="OC Transpo">OC Transpo</a> and <a href="TransLink_(British_Columbia)" title="TransLink (British Columbia)">TransLink</a> offer the service,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and in the province of <a href="British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> paratransit is referred to as <a href="HandyDART" title="HandyDART">HandyDART</a> throughout by both major transit operators.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Developing_countries">Developing countries</h2></div>

Paratransit systems in many <a href="Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a> cities are operated by individuals and small business. The fragmented, intensely competitive nature of the industry makes government regulation and control much harder than traditional public transport. Government authorities have cited problems with unsafe vehicles and drivers as justifying efforts to regulate and "formalize" paratransit operations.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> However, these efforts have been limited by ignorance on the part of regulatory authorities and mistrust between

authorities and operators.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Saharan_Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</h3></div>

In sub-Saharan Africa, this form of transport (called "transport artisanal" in French) serves more than 70% of commuters, evolved organically and replaced formal transit after independence.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Paratransit can take many forms, from the 16-seater minibus taxis (see <a href="Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">share taxi</a>), to motorbikes (<a href="Boda_boda" title="Boda boda">boda boda</a>).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_areas">Other areas</h2></div>

In the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, services are called community transport and provided locally. The Community Transport Association

<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> is a central organization recognized by the government which "promotes excellence through training, publications, advice, events and project support on voluntary, community and accessible transport."

In <a href="Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, <a href="Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, the municipal mass transit operator <a href="Zagreba%C4%8Dki_elektri%C4%8Dni_tramvaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Zagrebački električni tramvaj">ZET</a> operates a fleet of minibuses equipped with several seats and lift for wheelchairs for on-demand transport of disabled persons.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>

In <a href="Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="Rehabus" title="Rehabus">Rehabus</a> service is provided by the Hong Kong Society for Rehabilitation.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>

The New Zealand Transport Agency provides a comprehensive list of options in the country,<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> including Total Mobility (TM) in <a href="Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>

In Australia, Disability Standards for Accessible Public Transport under subsection 31 (1) of the Disability Discrimination Act of 1992 mandated that as of 2002 "all new public transport conveyances, premises and infrastructure must comply with the transport standards. Facilities already in operation at that time have between five and thirty years to comply with the standards."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>

In some parts of the world, transportation services for the elderly and disabled are obtainable through <a href="Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">share taxi</a> options, often without formal government involvement.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specific_services">Specific services</h2></div>

<ul><li>See <a href="Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a> for examples</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bv.transports.gouv.qc.ca/mono/1136638.pdf">"Specialized Transit Eligibility Certification Programs: Overview of Canadian and U.S. Experience"</a> (PDF). The Canadian Urban Transit Association. 2013.</cite></li></ul>

<li><a href="New_Mobility" title="New Mobility">New Mobility</a> – Disability magazine</li>

<li><a href="Shared_transport" title="Shared transport">Shared transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxicab" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicab">Taxicab</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/paratransit">Merriam Webster dictionary</a> Retrieved 2019-10-10

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-2"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFJaiswalManojTiwari2022" class="citation journal cs1">Jaiswal, Aishwarya; Manoj, M.; Tiwari, Geetam (2022-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0386111222000498">"A review of studies on service quality of intermediate public transport"</a>. IATSS Research. 46 (4): 537–546. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.iatssr.2022.09.002">10.1016/j.iatssr.2022.09.002</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0386-1112">0386-1112</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMall-1,_Chauhan-2,_Ghosh-3,_Jain-42023" class="citation web cs1">Mall-1, Chauhan-2, Ghosh-3, Jain-4, Udit Narayan-1, Samradh Singh-2 Nilanshu-3 Himani-4 (April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceew.in/publications/how-does-intermediate-public-transport-system-operate-in-lucknow">"How Does Intermediate Public Transport (IPT) System Operate in Lucknow?"</a>.</cite><code class="cs1-code">{{cite web}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://routegenie.com/blog/nemt-vehicle-and-business-requirements/">"NEMT Vehicle and Business Requirements"</a>. RouteGenie. Retrieved 2023-10-09.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/paratransit">paratransit Dictionary.com's 21st Century Lexicon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140426232754/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/paratransit">Archived</a> 2014-04-26 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 2014-03-19

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Ronald F. Kirby, Urban Institute, et al (1974) Para-transit:neglected options for urban mobility <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>0-87766-121-9</bdi>

</li>

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</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/paratransit" class="extiw external" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/paratransit">paratransit</a> at Wiktionary

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_transport503" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">

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</style><div id="Public_transport503" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Public_transport" title="Public transport">Public transport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Public_transport_bus_service" title="Public transport bus service">Bus service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bus_driver" title="Bus driver">driver</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">Bus rapid transit</a></li>

<li><a href="Express_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Express bus service">Express bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Guided_bus" title="Guided bus">Guided bus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Autonomous_Rail_Rapid_Transit" title="Autonomous Rail Rapid Transit">Trackless Tram</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Intercity_bus_service" title="Intercity bus service">Intercity bus</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Charabanc" title="Charabanc">Charabanc</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rail_replacement_bus_service" title="Rail replacement bus service">Rail replacement bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi/Taxibus</a>

<ul><li><a href="Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Shuttle_bus_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuttle bus service">Shuttle bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">Transit bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">Trolleybus</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">Rail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Passenger_rail_terminology" title="Passenger rail terminology">Passenger rail terminology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_rail_transport_terms" title="Glossary of rail transport terms">glossary</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li>

<li><a href="Commuter_rail" title="Commuter rail">Commuter rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Elevated_railway" title="Elevated railway">Elevated railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li>

<li><a href="Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railway</a>

<ul><li><a href="Heritage_streetcar" title="Heritage streetcar">Heritage streetcar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">High-speed rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Higher-speed_rail" title="Higher-speed rail">Higher-speed rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Inter-city_rail" title="Inter-city rail">Inter-city rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a></li>

<li><a href="Maglev" title="Maglev">Maglev</a></li>

<li><a href="Monorail" title="Monorail">Monorail</a></li>

<li><a href="Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway">Narrow-gauge railway</a></li>

<li><a href="People_mover" title="People mover">People mover</a></li>

<li><a href="Railbus" title="Railbus">Railbus</a></li>

<li><a href="Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">Metro/Rapid Transit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Medium-capacity_rail_system" title="Medium-capacity rail system">Medium-capacity rail system</a></li>

<li><a href="Rubber-tyred_metro" title="Rubber-tyred metro">Rubber-tyred metro</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">Regional rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_running_train" title="Street running train">Street running</a></li>

<li><a href="Suspension_railway" title="Suspension railway">Suspension railway</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Cable_car_(railway)" title="Cable car (railway)">Cable car</a></li>

<li><a href="Horsecar" title="Horsecar">Horsecar</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_rail" title="Light rail">Light rail</a></li>

<li><a href="Tram-train" title="Tram-train">Tram-train</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Vehicle_for_hire" title="Vehicle for hire">Vehicles for hire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Auto_rickshaw" title="Auto rickshaw">Auto rickshaw taxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Combination_bus" title="Combination bus">Combination bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">Cycle rickshaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Demand-responsive_transport" title="Demand-responsive transport">Demand-responsive transport</a>

<ul><li><a href="Microtransit" title="Microtransit">Microtransit</a></li>

</ul></li>

<li><a href="Dollar_van" class="mw-redirect" title="Dollar van">Dollar van</a></li>

<li><a href="Dolmu%C5%9F" title="Dolmuş">Dolmuş</a></li>

<li><a href="Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Hackney carriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Jeepney" title="Jeepney">Jeepney</a></li>

<li><a href="Limousine" title="Limousine">Limousine</a></li>

<li><a href="Motorcycle_taxi" title="Motorcycle taxi">Motorcycle taxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">Marshrutka</a></li>

<li><a href="Nanny_van" title="Nanny van">Nanny van</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_rapid_transit" title="Personal rapid transit">Personal rapid transit</a></li>

<li><a href="Pesero" title="Pesero">Pesero</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_light_bus" title="Public light bus">Public light bus</a></li>

<li><a href="Pulled_rickshaw" title="Pulled rickshaw">Pulled rickshaw</a></li>

<li><a href="Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">Share taxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Songthaew" title="Songthaew">Songthaew</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Carpool" title="Carpool">Carpooling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Car_jockey" title="Car jockey">Car jockey</a></li>

<li><a href="Flexible_carpooling" class="mw-redirect" title="Flexible carpooling">Flexible carpooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Real-time ridesharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Slugging" title="Slugging">Slugging</a></li>

<li><a href="Vanpool" title="Vanpool">Vanpool</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">Ship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferry" title="Ferry">Ferry</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondola" title="Gondola">Gondola</a></li>

<li><a href="Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a></li>

<li><a href="Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">Hydrofoil</a></li>

<li><a href="Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">Ocean liner</a></li>

<li><a href="Vaporetto" title="Vaporetto">Vaporetto</a></li>

<li><a href="Water_taxi" title="Water taxi">Water taxi</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cable_transport" title="Cable transport">Cable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Aerial_tramway" title="Aerial tramway">Aerial tramway</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_ferry" title="Cable ferry">Cable ferry</a></li>

<li><a href="Cable_railway" title="Cable railway">Cable railway</a></li>

<li><a href="Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li>

<li><a href="Funicular" title="Funicular">Funicular</a></li>

<li><a href="Gondola_lift" title="Gondola lift">Gondola lift</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bicable_gondola_lift" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicable gondola lift">bicable</a></li>

<li><a href="Tricable_gondola_lift" title="Tricable gondola lift">tricable</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airline" title="Airline">Airline</a></li>

<li><a href="Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></li>

<li><a href="Carsharing" title="Carsharing">Carsharing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">Bicycle-sharing</a></li>

<li><a href="Scooter-sharing_system" title="Scooter-sharing system">Scooter-sharing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Elevator" title="Elevator">Elevator</a></li>

<li><a href="Escalator" title="Escalator">Escalator</a></li>

<li><a href="Horse-drawn_vehicle" title="Horse-drawn vehicle">Horse-drawn vehicle</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyperloop" title="Hyperloop">Hyperloop</a></li>

<li><a href="Inclined_elevator" title="Inclined elevator">Inclined elevator</a></li>

<li><a href="Moving_walkway" title="Moving walkway">Moving walkway</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_transporter" title="Personal transporter">Personal transporter</a></li>

<li><a href="Robotaxi" title="Robotaxi">Robotaxi</a></li>

<li><a href="Shweeb" title="Shweeb">Shweeb</a></li>

<li><a href="Slope_car" title="Slope car">Slope car</a></li>

<li><a href="Trackless_train" title="Trackless train">Trackless train</a></li>

<li><a href="Vactrain" title="Vactrain">Vactrain</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_garage" title="Bus garage">Bus garage</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_stand" title="Bus stand">Bus stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_station" title="Bus station">Bus station</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_turnout" title="Bus turnout">Bus turnout (bus bay)</a></li>

<li><a href="Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">Ferry terminal</a></li>

<li><a href="Hangar" title="Hangar">Hangar</a></li>

<li><a href="Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbor</a></li>

<li><a href="Interchange_station" title="Interchange station">Interchange station</a></li>

<li><a href="Kassel_kerb" title="Kassel kerb">Kassel kerb</a></li>

<li><a href="Layover" title="Layover">Layover</a></li>

<li><a href="Metro_station" title="Metro station">Metro station</a></li>

<li><a href="Queue_jump" title="Queue jump">Queue jump</a></li>

<li><a href="Taxi_stand" title="Taxi stand">Taxicab stand</a></li>

<li><a href="Train_station" title="Train station">Train station</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_mall" title="Transit mall">Transit mall</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">Ticketing</a> and <a href="Fare" title="Fare">fares</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Automated_fare_collection" title="Automated fare collection">Automated fare collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_advertising" title="Bus advertising">Bus advertising</a></li>

<li><a href="Contract_of_carriage" title="Contract of carriage">Contract of carriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li>

<li><a href="Fare_avoidance" title="Fare avoidance">Fare avoidance</a></li>

<li><a href="Fare_capping" title="Fare capping">Fare capping</a></li>

<li><a href="Fare_evasion" title="Fare evasion">Fare evasion</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Free_travel_pass" title="Free travel pass">Free travel pass</a></li>

<li><a href="Integrated_ticketing" title="Integrated ticketing">Integrated ticketing</a></li>

<li><a href="Manual_fare_collection" title="Manual fare collection">Manual fare collection</a></li>

<li><a href="Money_train" title="Money train">Money train</a></li>

<li><a href="Penalty_fare" title="Penalty fare">Penalty fare</a></li>

<li><a href="Proof-of-payment" title="Proof-of-payment">Proof-of-payment</a></li>

<li><a href="Reduced_fare_program" title="Reduced fare program">Reduced fare program</a></li>

<li><a href="Transfer_(public_transit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer (public transit)">Transfer</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_pass" title="Transit pass">Transit pass</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Routing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Circle_route" title="Circle route">Circle route</a></li>

<li><a href="Cross-city_route" title="Cross-city route">Cross-city route</a></li>

<li><a href="Network_length_(transport)" title="Network length (transport)">Network length</a></li>

<li><a href="Non-revenue_track" title="Non-revenue track">Non-revenue track</a></li>

<li><a href="Radial_route" title="Radial route">Radial route</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_network_analysis" title="Transport network analysis">Transport network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Facilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_first_class_commuter_transport_services" class="mw-redirect" title="List of first class commuter transport services">First class</a></li>

<li><a href="Sleeping_car" title="Sleeping car">Sleeper</a></li>

<li><a href="Standing_passenger" title="Standing passenger">Standing passenger</a></li>

<li><a href="Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scheduling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bus_bunching" title="Bus bunching">Bus bunching</a></li>

<li><a href="Clock-face_scheduling" title="Clock-face scheduling">Clock-face scheduling</a></li>

<li><a href="Headway" title="Headway">Headway</a></li>

<li><a href="Night_service_(public_transport)" title="Night service (public transport)">Night (owl) service</a></li>

<li><a href="On-time_performance" title="On-time performance">On-time performance</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Public transport timetable</a></li>

<li><a href="Short_turn" title="Short turn">Short turn</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li>

<li><a href="Complete_streets" title="Complete streets">Complete streets</a></li>

<li><a href="Green_transport_hierarchy" title="Green transport hierarchy">Green transport hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Farebox_recovery_ratio" title="Farebox recovery ratio">Farebox recovery ratio</a>

<ul><li><a href="Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_security" title="Public transport security">Security</a></li>

<li><a href="Street_hierarchy" title="Street hierarchy">Street hierarchy</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_district" title="Transit district">Transit district</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_police" title="Transit police">Transit police</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_authority" title="Transportation authority">Transportation authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_demand_management" title="Transportation demand management">Transportation demand management</a></li>

<li><a href="Transportation_planning" title="Transportation planning">Transportation planning</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transit-oriented_development" title="Transit-oriented development">Transit-oriented development (TOD)</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology and signage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Destination_sign" title="Destination sign">Destination sign</a></li>

<li><a href="Passenger_information_system" title="Passenger information system">Passenger information system</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform_display" title="Platform display">Platform display</a></li>

<li><a href="Platform_screen_doors" title="Platform screen doors">Platform screen doors</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_public_transport_smart_cards" title="List of public transport smart cards">Smart cards</a>

<ul><li><a href="CIPURSE" title="CIPURSE">CIPURSE</a></li>

<li><a href="Calypso_(electronic_ticketing_system)" title="Calypso (electronic ticketing system)">Calypso</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ticket_machine" title="Ticket machine">Ticket machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_transport_timetable" title="Public transport timetable">Timetable</a></li>

<li><a href="Transit_map" title="Transit map">Transit map</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Finnish_models_of_public_transport" title="Finnish models of public transport">Finnish models</a></li>

<li><a href="Karlsruhe_model" title="Karlsruhe model">Karlsruhe model</a></li>

<li><a href="Zurich_model" title="Zurich model">Zurich model</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li>

<li><a href="Bus_rapid_transit_creep" title="Bus rapid transit creep">Bus rapid transit creep</a></li>

<li><a href="Crush_load" title="Crush load">Crush load</a></li>

<li><a href="Dwell_time_(transportation)" title="Dwell time (transportation)">Dwell time</a></li>

<li><a href="Land_transport" title="Land transport">Land transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_transport" title="Outline of transport">Outline of transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Passenger_load_factor" title="Passenger load factor">Passenger load factor</a></li>

<li><a href="Planka.nu" title="Planka.nu">Planka.nu</a></li>

<li><a href="Public_good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public good (economics)">Public good</a></li>

<li><a href="Request_stop" title="Request stop">Request stop</a></li>

<li><a href="Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li>

<li><a href="Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li>

<li><a href="Timing_point" title="Timing point">Timing point</a></li>

<li><a href="Transport_economics" title="Transport economics">Transport economics</a></li>

<li><a href="Micromobility" title="Micromobility">Micromobility</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <a href="Portal%3ATransport" title="Portal:Transport">Transport portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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